{"id":1408,"date":"2024-12-15T10:30:56","date_gmt":"2024-12-15T10:30:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/?p=1408"},"modified":"2025-10-07T00:07:41","modified_gmt":"2025-10-07T00:07:41","slug":"meaning-of-simon","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/meaning-of-simon\/","title":{"rendered":"Simon Peter: Meaning & Etymology"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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St. Peter is considered to be the first Pope of Rome, and the first bishop of Antioch, (the first Christian city). He is also \u201cthe first person to perform a miracle in the Lord\u2019s name\u201d according to the Catholic church.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peter\u2019s original name is Simon, the son of a man named Jonah or John. Simon was the one who proclaims Jesus to be the Christ, the proclamation of Jesus as Christ is fundamental to Christology. Jesus not only accepts the titles \u201cChrist\u201d and \u201cSon of God\u201d, but declares the proclamation: a divine revelation<\/em> by stating that his Father in Heaven had revealed it to Simon.<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Jesus also selects Simon as the leader of the Apostles, and said he would build his church upon Simon, and gave him \u201cthe keys of the kingdom of heaven\u201d. More importantly here, Jesus decided to invent a new name for Simon, this new name is: \u201cCephas\u201d, an Aramaic word. Cephas semantic equivalent in Greek is \u201c\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\/Petros\u201d, (rendered Peter in English).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The New Testament was originally written in the Greek, from which the Latin, English, and other versions were translated. \u201c\u03a3\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd<\/mark><\/strong>\/Simon<\/em>\u201d, \u201c\u039a\u03b7\u03c6\u1fb6\u03c2<\/mark><\/strong>\/Cephas<\/em>\u201d and \u201c\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/mark><\/strong>\/Peter<\/em>\u201d are the New Testament\u2019s three different names for St. Peter. These names have long given rise to numerous scholarly theories and explanations. Here is an anthroponymic approach to the meaning and etymology of Simon, Peter and Cephas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Peter\u2019s language was Aramaic, an ancient Semitic language. Aramaic is related to other Semitic languages such as Akkadian, Amharic, Arabic, Hebrew, Ge\u2019ez, Mandaic, Old-South-Arabian, Phoenician, Syriac, Tigre, Tigrinya, Ugaritic, among others. These languages have a high percentage of lexical similarity with the Sumerian language.<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Biblical Anthroponyms<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Biblical anthroponyms are proper names, they are not translated but only transliterated to approximate the way they were pronounced. The meaning of proper names can be a difficult pursuit since direct translations are not readily available. Many study aids, such as conventional lexicons, can prove superficial when dealing with proper names. Even a conventional Aramaic\/Hebrew lexicon can prove disappointing. An anthroponymic study of the original roots, however, can yield some fascinating results.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
On the other hand, the study of the names of the biblical figures, reveals a phenomenon which cannot be without significance: the Bible often uses characters\u2019 names to hint at their roles or tell something about their personalities or their physical appearance. In addition, characters\u2019 actions may hints at the etymology of their names<\/mark><\/strong>.<\/mark> Understanding such phenomenon, may hold the key for\u00a0unlocking the real meanings behind these names. For example, in (Genesis 30:24)<\/em> we are told, tacitly<\/em><\/strong>, what is the meaning of the name \u201cJoseph<\/mark><\/em>\u201c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cAnd she called his name Joseph<\/mark>, saying: \u2018May the LORD add<\/mark> to me another son!\u2019\u201d (ESV, Genesis 30:24)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The original Hebrew: <\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n
\u201c\u05d5\u05ea\u05e7\u05e8\u05d0 \u05d0\u05ea\u05be\u05e9\u05de\u05d5 \u05d9\u05d5\u05b9\u05e1\u05b5\u05e3<\/mark><\/strong> (1)<\/mark> \u05dc\u05d0\u05de\u05e8 \u05d9\u05b8\u05e1\u05b7\u05e3<\/strong><\/mark> (2)<\/mark> \u05d9\u05d4\u05d5\u05d4 \u05dc\u05d9 \u05d1\u05df \u05d0\u05d7\u05e8\u201d<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
(1)<\/mark> => \u201cy\u016ds\u012df\u201d, (2)<\/mark> => \u201cy\u0103s\u0101f\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to biblical scholars, The name: \u201cy\u016ds\u012df\/Joseph<\/mark>\u201c, is derived from: \u201cy\u0103s\u0101f\u201d which means: \u201cto add<\/mark>\u201c.  <\/p>\n\n\n\n
Biblical Greek<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cBiblical Greek is a language by itself. What we have to find out in studying it, is what meaning certain Greek words conveyed, to a Semitic mind<\/strong><\/mark>.\u201d The great majority of New Testament words are words which, though for the most part common to Biblical and to contemporary secular Greek, express in their Biblical use the conceptions of a Semitic people. there is a clear internal evidence that N.T. writers, in most cases, were men whose thoughts were cast in a Semitic and not in a Hellenic mould. <\/mark>[01] Probably the most important kind of influence exerted by the Semitic languages on New Testament Greek is in the meaning of certain theological and ethical terms. The Greek outlook on religion and morals differed greatly from that of the Jews, and Greek terms were of course used to reflect the Greek outlook. But the Septuagint translators used these terms to represent Hebrew words which reflected Jewish meanings, and thus gave these Greek words a new meaning. It is often this new meaning which attaches to these words when they are used in the New Testament.<\/mark> [02]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Simon<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to Strong’s lexicon (8095), The name “Simon<\/em>” is “derived from the Hebrew root \u05e9\u05b8\u05c1\u05de\u05b7\u05e2 (shama), meaning (to hear) or (to listen).”<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cShe conceived again and bore a son, and said: \u2018Because the LORD has heard<\/mark> that I am hated, he has given me this son also\u2019 And she called his name Simeon<\/mark>.\u201d (ESV, Genesis 29:33)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Etymologically, \u201cSimon\u201d appears to stem from the Semitic root-word: [s-m] or [z-m]. The sememe of this word is: \u201cnarrowing\u201d, \u201cto shrink\u201d, \u201cto lessen\u201d, \u201cto become small\u201d or \u201cto tear a hole\u201d. It is used to describe narrow holes, small openings, tapering ends, acute angles or indentations (notchs on surface of something.). It is also used as a name for \u201cear hole\u201d or \u201cear canal\u201d, and by extension, for the ear itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[s\u012dmmu] (or z\u012dmmu) is the etymon of words such as: \u201c\u05e9\u05b5\u05c1\u05dd\/\u0161\u0103m\/name\u201d (\u03c3\u1fc6\u03bc\u03b1<\/a>\/\u0648\u0633\u0645\/notch), \u201c\u05e1\u05de\u05d0\/s\u0103ma\/blind\u201d (to tear a hole), \u201c\u05e9\u05de\u05d5\u05e0\u05d4\/\u0161m\u016bn\u0103\/eight\u201d, (two hands forming triangle with fingers), Arabic: \u201cs\u0103hm\/\u0633\u0647\u0645\/arrowhead\u201d (acute angle triangle), “z\u0103m\/\u0632\u0645\/to shrink” and \u201cs\u0103m\/\u0633\u0645\/aperture\u201d. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Examples:<\/strong>
Arabic: “\u0633\u0645\u0639\/s\u0103m\u1e23<\/mark>“, “\u0633\u0645\u0639\/sim\u1e23<\/mark>” = (hearing), (an ear).
Syriac: \u201c\u072b\u0738\u0721\u0725\u0735\u0710 \/ shim\u1e23a<\/mark>\u201d = (hearing), (an ear).
Hebrew: \u201c\u05e9\u05b4\u05c1\u05de\u05d5\u05bc\u05e2\u05b7\/shimu\u1e23<\/mark>\u201d = (hearing).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
[\u1e23] represents: \u201cvoiced pharyngeal fricative\u201d (Ayin)
Diachronically, pharyngeal consonants (\u0639 , \u0725 , \u05e2\u05b7) are epenthetic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
“Then Simon Peter having a sword drew it, and smote the high priest\u2019s servant, and cut off his right ear<\/mark><\/strong>. The servant\u2019s name was Malchus. Then said Jesus unto Peter, Put up thy sword into the sheath: the cup which my Father hath given me, shall I not drink it?”<\/em> <\/p>(John 18:10)<\/cite><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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This event hints at the etymology of Simon<\/mark><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
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In summation: <\/strong>the intended biblical meaning of “Simon” is: “an ear<\/mark>” or “ear hole<\/mark>“, and in ‘sensu lato’: “a<\/mark> hole<\/mark>“. <\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
“Hole” here can be a connotation for “key”, For example: Arabic “miftah\/\u0645\u0641\u062a\u0627\u062d” (= key)  derives from “fataha\/\u0641\u062a\u062d” ( = to open) and “fat.ha\/\u0641\u062a\u062d\u0629” (= opening, hole).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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St. Simon Peter & the Key.. a lost connotation<\/mark><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
“And I tell you, you are Peter, and on this rock I will build my church, and the gates of hell shall not prevail against it. I will give you the keys<\/mark> of the kingdom of heaven, and whatever you bind on earth shall be bound in heaven, and whatever you loose on earth shall be loosed in heaven.” (ESV, Matthew 16:19)<\/em>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Petros is Cephas<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
The English name \u201cPeter\u201d is an inaccurate transliteration of the Greek word: \u201c\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\/Petros<\/strong>\u201c.
\u201cPetros\u201d did not exist as a pre-Christian Greek personal name, but rather, it was invented by the evangelists (Arguably, Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John):<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cAnd he brought him to Jesus. Jesus looked at him and said: You are Simon<\/mark> son of John. You will be called Cephas<\/mark>, (which, when translated<\/mark>, is Peter<\/mark>)\u201d. (ESV,<\/em>John 1:42:).<\/em><\/strong>
The original Greek:
\u201c\u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u1f24\u03b3\u03b1\u03b3\u03b5\u03bd \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u03c0\u03c1\u1f78\u03c2 \u03c4\u1f78\u03bd \u1f38\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03bd \u1f10\u03bc\u03b2\u03bb\u03ad\u03c8\u03b1\u03c2 \u03b4\u1f72 \u03b1\u1f50\u03c4\u1ff7 \u1f41 \u1f38\u03b7\u03c3\u03bf\u1fe6\u03c2 \u03b5\u1f36\u03c0\u03b5\u03bd \u03a3\u1f7a \u03b5\u1f36 \u03a3\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd<\/mark> (Simon) \u1f41 \u03c5\u1f31\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f38\u03c9\u03bd\u1fb6\u00b7 \u03c3\u1f7a \u03ba\u03bb\u03b7\u03b8\u03ae\u03c3\u1fc3 \u039a\u03b7\u03c6\u1fb6\u03c2<\/mark> (Petros) \u1f43 \u1f11\u03c1\u03bc\u03b7\u03bd\u03b5\u03cd\u03b5\u03c4\u03b1\u03b9 \u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2<\/mark> (K\u012df\u0101s)\u201d.<\/em><\/pre>\n\n\n\n
\u201cPetros<\/strong>\u201d here is used as a semantic equivalent<\/mark> of : \u201cCephas<\/strong>\u201d. \u201cCephas\u201d is the Latin pronunciation of Greek \u201c\u039a\u03b7\u03c6\u1fb6\u03c2<\/strong>\/K\u012df\u0101s\u201d. \u201c\u039a\u03b7\u03c6\u1fb6\u03c2\u201d is believed to be a Hellenization of the Aramaic word: \u201c\u05db\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05e4\u05b8\u05d0<\/strong>\/Kifa\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to Wikipedia:<\/strong>
\u201cThe precise meaning of the Aramaic word (\u05db\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05e4\u05b8\u05d0<\/strong>) is disputed<\/mark>, some saying that its usual meaning is \u2018rock<\/strong>\u2018 or \u2018crag<\/strong>\u2018, others saying that it means rather \u2018stone\u2019 and, particularly in its application by Jesus to Simon, like a \u201cjewel\u201d, but most scholars agree that as a proper name, it denotes a rough or tough character. Both meanings, \u2018stone<\/strong>\u2018, \u2018jewel\/hewn stone<\/strong>\u2018 and \u2018rock<\/strong><\/mark>\u2019, are indicated in dictionaries of Aramaic and Syriac.\u201d [03]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In addition, the Catholic theologian Rudolf Pesch argues that the Aramaic word \u201c\u05db\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05e4\u05b8\u05d0<\/strong>\/Kifa\u201d means \u201cball, clump, clew or stone\u201d and that \u201crock<\/mark>\u201d is only a connotation<\/mark>. In other words: \u201crock\u201d is NOT the denotation<\/mark> of \u201c\u05db\u05b5\u05bc\u05d9\u05e4\u05b8\u05d0<\/strong>\/Kifa\u201d. Interestingly, there is a linguistic evidence to support this argument. The literal meaning of this Semitic word seems to be: \u201croughly spherical mass or body<\/mark><\/em>\u201d but it is used to describe any: \u201cdetached piece of rock that has been broken off<\/mark><\/em>\u201d as well as \u201cthe cavity<\/mark> it leaves behind\u201d. Over time, this \u201cdescription<\/em><\/strong>\u201d becomes a name for some rock formations<\/mark> such as firestones, naturally hewn rocks, and cavities in hillsides or cliffs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Etymology of Cephas<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Semitic: \u201cKifa<\/strong>\u201d, (Latin: Cephas<\/strong>), stems from the root word<\/strong>: [k-p] (variants: [k-b], [k-f], [g-b] & [g-f]). The original sense of this root-word is: \u201cbending\u201d, \u201ctwisting\u201d, \u201cturning downward\u201d, \u201csquirming and twisting\u201d, \u201ccurling\u201d, \u201crevolving\u201d \u201caccumulating\u201d, \u201cforms into a sphere\u201d, \u201cgibbous-shaped\u201d or \u201cgibbous-shaped cavity\u201d, \u201crecessed\u201d or \u201cdepressed\u201d place, \u201cconcave\u201d or \u201cconvex\u201d. It is used to describe anything that is not leveled, flat, wide, stretched, straight, elevated, frontal or moving forward. The derived senses include: \u201cto flip\u201d, \u201cto stop\u201d and \u201cto cut off\u201d.
Within anatomical terminology this word is used to designate the socket of the thigh, the hollow of the palm, or the outer-ear, as well as the buttock or any buttock-shaped object or feature. Connotatively, it suggests \u201crear part\u201d, \u201clower part\u201d or \u201csouthern part\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Examples:<\/strong>
Akkadian<\/strong>: \u201ckippu<\/strong>\u201d (Var. kippatu & kap\u0101pu): circle, circumference, ring, loop, hoop, tendril, handle of a container, loop-shaped, loop-like formation. To bend, twist, curve, bow, to be curved, twisted, to be bent, to surround something with something. “kappum<\/strong>” or “kappu<\/strong>“: the hollow of the palm<\/mark>, small bowl of wood, gold or silver.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
 Hebrew:<\/strong>\u201c\u05db\u05b7\u05bc\u05e3\/kaf\u201d: bending or bent objects, sling, hollow, bowl, pan, the socket of the thigh, the hollow of the palm<\/mark>. Doublet of: \u201c\u05e7\u05d5\u05bc\u05e3\/quf\u201d : \u201cneedle\u2019s eye\u201d, cognate to Aramaic: \u201c\u05db\u05e4\u05d0\/kufa<\/strong>\u201c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Syriac:<\/strong>\u201c\u071f\u0726\u0710\/kapa\/kafa\u201d: to bend , to curve over from an upright position to bend forward and downward, to lean forward, to reverse<\/mark>, to turn completely in position or direction, to upturn, to turn upside down<\/mark>, to invert, to flip. The palm of the hand, a spoon, a cleft in a rock<\/mark>. [04], [05]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Syriac is a Semitic language, originally developed as an Aramaic dialect. Along with Greek and Latin, Syriac became one of the three most important languages of Early Christianity. The Syriac literature comprises roughly 90% of the extant Aramaic literature. [06]<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n
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The inverted crucifixion of Peter:
St. Peter \u201crequested to be crucified upside-down, (\u2026) because he felt he was unworthy to die in the same manner as Jesus\u201d. [07]<\/mark><\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Arabic:<\/strong>\u201c\u0642\u0641\/q\u016df\/q\u016dffa\u201d: accumulating, grouping, raising, convexity, pumpkin-shaped bowl<\/strong><\/mark> or basket, dry sagging tree, raised area of land, gibbous-shaped rock<\/strong><\/mark>, rocky mound, heap of gravel, to shrink to wrinkle, to dry out, to discontinue, to cut off, to cut<\/strong><\/mark> out.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Doublets:
-\u201c\u0642\u0628\/q\u0103b<\/strong>\u201d = dome, cupola, bulged part, head, human head, leader. to dry out and swell up, recessed place, atrophied, alcove, opening, to pluck, to cut clean off.
(cf. Latin: caput<\/strong> > head, leader, & c\u016bpula<\/strong> > small dome, derived from: cuppa<\/strong> > cup, cask). Also (cf. Latin: cipus<\/strong> > cup, bowel, boundary stone and tombstone).<\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n
-\u201c\u0643\u0641\/kaf<\/strong>\u201c: To bend and form a circle, to be held, to halt, to cut. Rim, brim, circular cavity, the hollow of the hand, the bowl of the scale, waterhole, rocky depression.
By-forms: \u201c\u0643\u0647\u0641\/kahf<\/strong>\u201d (= cave) and \u201c\u062d\u0642\u0641\/ha-qaf<\/strong>\u201d (= recessed place).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The sememe (semantic root) of these denotations is more likely to be: \u201ccurve<\/mark><\/strong>\u201d, and \u201ccarve<\/mark><\/strong>\u201d as a derived sense. The probable antonym here is: \u201cstraight\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Biblical \u201c\u039a\u03b7\u03c6\u1fb6\u03c2\/Cephas\u201d is a description used as a name<\/em>, one of the intended meanings of \u201cCephas\u201d is more likely to be: fluctuated. <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Petro from “petra”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
Ut supra, \u201c\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1<\/mark>\u03bf\u03c2\/Petros\u201d is a translation of \u201c\u039a\u03b7\u03c6\u1fb6\u03c2\/Cephas\u201d, most biblical scholars believe that (\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1<\/mark>\u03bf\u03c2\/Petros) is an invented, masculine form of (\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1<\/mark>\u03b1\/Petra<\/em><\/strong>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to Strong\u2019s Greek lexicon (4073), biblical \u201c\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\/petra<\/strong><\/em>\u201d means: rock formation<\/mark>, a rock, ledge, cliff, cave<\/mark> and stony ground<\/mark>. In modern Greek, \u201cpetra<\/em><\/strong>\u201d is used in a sense of \u201cgravel\u201d or small stones, while the word for \u201crock\u201d is: \u201c\u03b2\u03c1\u03ac\u03c7\u03bf\u03c2\/brakhos\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In ancient Greek, \u201cpetra\u201d is used also to denote: \u201chewn rock\u201d, \u201ctorn up rock\u201d, \u201crock-cut dwelling\u201d or \u201ccarved crag\u201d .
The hypernym<\/strong> here can be: \u201ccavity\u201d.
The inferred verb<\/strong> can be : \u201cto hew\u201d, \u201cto carve\u201d, \u201cto tear\u201d or \u201cto cut\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Examples:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
1- \u201c\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/strong>\u03b9<\/mark>\/petrai<\/mark>\u201d: \u201c = torn<\/mark> up rock\u201d. [08]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\u03b9 (petrai)<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
2 \u2013 \u201c\u03b4\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u03bf\u03bc\u03bf\u03c2 \u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1\/<\/strong>distomos petra\u201d: \u201c = a cave<\/mark> with double entrance\u201d. [09]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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3 \u2013 \u201c\u03c0\u03b5\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/strong>\u03b9\u03bf\u03c2\/petraios\u201d: Epithet of Poseidon in Thessaly, as he who clove the rocks of Tempi, and drained Thessaly. [10] The sacred sanctuary of Poseidon was built in a cave<\/mark> at the Tainaron peninsula. The path to the interior was carved into the rocks<\/mark>. [11]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Poseidon<\/em>, in ancient Greek religion, the god of earthquakes & seas.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
4 \u2013 Petraea<\/strong> is a surname of Scylla. [12]. In Greek mythology Scylla is man-eating cliff-dwelling<\/mark> creature that devours seafarers and their crews. [13] \u201cScylla\u201d, in ancient Greek, means: \u201cto tear into pieces<\/mark>\u201d, \u201cto tear apart\u201d, \u201cto tear a hole\u201d. [14]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
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Scylla was a supernatural female creature, with 12 feet and six heads on long snaky necks, each head having a triple row of sharklike teeth<\/strong>.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
5 \u2013 Petra<\/strong>: a historic city in southern Jordan, famous for its rock-cut<\/mark> architecture. Petra was the capital city of the Nabataean Kingdom. The Nabataeans were particularly skillful in agriculture, stone carving<\/mark>, and rainwater harvesting. Their Kingdom fell to the Romans in 106 AD, who annexed and renamed it as Arabia<\/mark> Petraea<\/mark>.[15].<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
The biblical name for this city is: \u201c\u05e1\u05dc\u05e2\/Sela\u1e23\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Hebrew \u201c\u05e1\u05dc\u05e2\/Sela\u1e23\u201d is the semantic equivalent of \u201c\u03c0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03b1<\/strong>\/petra\u201d [16]
According to Klein Dictionary:
\u201c\u05e1\u05b6\u05bd\u05dc\u05b7\u05e2 = rock, crag, cliff. [Related to Arabic: sala\u2018a (= cleaved, split), sil\u2018 (= cleft, fissure)].\u201d [17] A derivative of this word is: \u201c\u05e1\u05dc\u05e2\u05dd\/Selam\u201d: to destroy, or to devour. [18]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Arabic cognate of \u201cSela\u1e23\/\u05e1\u05dc\u05e2\u201d is \u201cSala\u1e23\/\u0633\u0644\u0639\u201d: \u201ccleft\u201d, \u201cfissure\u201d, \u201cslot\u201d, \u201ccrevice\u201d, \u201ccrack\u201d, \u201cchasm\u201d, \u201cslash\u201d, \u201cto cleave\u201d, \u201cto split\u201d, \u201cto hew\u201d.  \u201ca slice\u201d, \u201ca crack in a mountain\u201d (\u0634\u0642 \u0641\u064a \u0627\u0644\u062c\u0628\u0644). \u201cSalam\/\u0633\u0644\u0645\u201d is a byform of \u201cSala\u1e23\/\u0633\u0644\u0639\u201d: gravel, slab or finger phalanx.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"
\u201ctorn up rocks\u201d of Arabia Petraea.<\/strong><\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Etymology of “petra”<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
According to the Hellenist (Renfrew, 1998) “The Greek language is unusual among the languages of Europe in the high proportion<\/mark> of its vocabulary which includes words which are not only not Greek words, but apparently not part of an Indo-European vocabulary either<\/mark>\u201d. Robert Beekes, another prominent Hellenist, argues that words for \u201cstone\u201d in the Greek language are <\/mark>often<\/mark><\/em><\/strong> taken from a substrate language. <\/mark>[19]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The substrate language is a \u201creplaced language\u201d which still influences the \u201creplacing language\u201d, such as Arabic influence on Spanish. The latter replaced the former in the Iberian Peninsula.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Beekes and other linguists are content that: \u201cPetra\u201d is of \u201cunknown origin\u201d, meaning that it is not originally a Greek word. <\/mark>With this being the case, Beekes suggests \u201ca Pre-Greek borrowing\u201d, meaning that \u201cpetra\u201d is a loanword, borrowed from an ancient unknown language. [20]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Semitic origin<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
There is a good reason to suggest a Semitic origin for the word: \u201cpetra\u201d. Greek languages have a long history of interaction with \u201cneighboring\u201d Semitic languages, this includes the Greek alphabet, which was derived from the Phoenician alphabet. Such interaction results in sharing many related words. Some of these words underwent phonological \/morphological changes, and became: (camouflaged loanwords), while others are still (explicit loanwords). \u201cAncient documents and archaeology have shown that the Semitic peoples, especially the Phoenicians and the people of Ugarit, were in contact with other Mediterranean peoples by means of colonizing, trade and correspondence about legal issues etc. Therefore, words were often mutually transmitted and became adopted in a foreign lexicon. This applied to Ancient Greek as well. Although the exact number is unknown, the Greek lexicon contains presumably hundreds of Semitic loanwords<\/mark>. However, when one tries to determine the exact donor language, several problems occur.\u201d [21]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Examples:<\/strong>
01- Greek: (\u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2\/khrys-\u00f3s = gold).
Akkadian: (khur\u0101\u1e63u = gold).<\/mark>
02- Greek: (\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\/kanna = reed).
Akkadian: (qan\u00fb = reed).
03- Greek: (\u03ba\u03cc\u03c6\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2\/kuph-inos = basket).
Akkadian: (quppu = basket).
Arabic: (qufa = basket)<\/mark>
04- Greek: (\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\/otiyon = ear).
Arabic: (u\u1e0fun = ear).
05- Greek: (\u03c4\u03b1\u03cd\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\/taurus = bull).
Aramaic:(tawra = bull).<\/mark>
06- Greek: (\u03c7\u03ce\u03c1\u03b1\/khura = land).
Sumerian: (kura = land).
07- Greek: (\u03c0\u03b1\u03bb\u03b9\u03cc\u03c2\/pali-os = shabby, dated).
Arabic: (bali = shabby, worn out).<\/mark>
08- Greek: (\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b1\u03af\u03bf\u03c2\/arkha\u00ed-os = ancient).
Arabic: (\u1e23ariq = ancient).
09- Greek: (\u03c3\u03b1\u03b3\u03ae\u03bd\u03b7\/saqina = fishing net).
Akkadian: (\u0161ikinnu = fishing net).<\/mark>
10- Greek: (\u03ba\u03bf\u03cd\u03c0\u03b1\/ko\u00fapa = cup).
Quranic Arabic: (kawb = cup).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Semitic loanwords are not only in Greek, but also in other Indo-European languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Examples:<\/strong>
01- Latin: (picheri-us = pot, jar).
Latin => \u201cch\u201d pronounced => \u201ckh\u201d.
Akkadian: (Pakh\u0101ru = pot, potter)
02- Latin: (sura = calf).
Akkadian: (\u0161\u016bru = bull).
03- Latin: (miro = to look at in wonder).
\u201cmirare = \u2018look at\u2019 \u201d
Akkadian: (am\u0101ru = to look at).
04- Latin: (irrigo = to irrigate).
Arabic: (araqa = to pour water).
05- Latin: (taurus = bull).
Aramaic:(tawr\u0101 = bull).
06- Proto-Germanic: (auzon = ear).
Hebrew: (auzin \u05d0\u05b9\u05d6\u05b6\u05df = ear).
07- German: (ton = clay).
[Proto-Semitic: *\u1e6d\u012bn=clay]
Syriac: (\u1e6d\u012bn\u0101 = mud, clay).<\/mark>
08- Proto-West Germanic *sparw\u014d = sparrow
Ugaritic \ud800\udf95\ud800\udf94\ud800\udf97 (\u1e63pr) = sparrow
Aramaic \u05e6\u05b4\u05e4\u05b0\u05bc\u05e8\u05b8\u05d0 (\u1e63ipp\u0259r\u0101) = sparrow
09- English: berry ( = Any small fleshy fruit), (= any of various kernels or seeds).
Proto-Semitic *piry-.
Hebrew \u05e4\u05b0\u05bc\u05e8\u05b4\u05d9 (p\u0259r\u012b)
Ugaritic \ud800\udf94\ud800\udf97 (pr \/\u2060pir\u00fb\u2060\/).
Ge\u2019ez: \u134d\u122c \u2022 (f\u0259re)
( = fruit, seed, progeny, offspring)<\/mark>
10- English:(cut).
Arabic: (qa\u1e6d \/ \u0642\u0637 = to cut).
11- English: (kin = one’s relatives, clan).
Akkadian: (qinnu = family, clan).<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n
<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Greek \u201cpetra<\/strong>\u201d appears to be related to Akkadian \u201cpataru<\/strong>\u201d, which means: \u201cto split\u201d, \u201cto separate\u201d, \u201cto cut off\u201d, \u201cto break\u201d or \u201cto break loose\u201d.
It is the Hebrew: \u201c\u05e4\u05d8\u05e8<\/strong>\/piter<\/strong>\u201d: \u201cto open\u201d, \u201cto break open\u201d, \u201cto separate\u201d, \u201cto remove\u201d or \u201cto set free\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201cpataru\u201d Arabic cognate is: [b-t-r] (variants: [b-t-r] & [f-t-r])
1- \u201cfa\u1e6dar\u201d (\u0641\u0637\u0631) : to cleave, to split, to create. [] \u201cto rift\u201c, \u201ca rift\u201d, \u201ccracked and sticking out\u201d, \u201cto bulge out\u201d \u201ca bulge\u201d .
2- \u201cbatar\u201d: (\u0628\u062a\u0631) \u201cto cut\u201d, \u201ca cut\u201d, \u201cbatra\u201d (adv.) (\u0628\u062a\u0631\u0627\u0621): \u201cbeing severed\u201d
3- \u201cbatar\u201d: (\u0628\u0637\u0631) : to crack open, to butcher.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Here, \u201ca rift\u201d, \u201ca cut\u201d, \u201ccracked\u201d and \u201csevered\u201d are deverbal nouns and deverbal adjectives.
Similarly, Greek \u201cPetra\u201d as a \u201cdetached stone\u201d or a \u201chewed rock\u201d is a \u201cdeverbal noun\u201d.
\u201cdeverbals\u201d are words (usually nouns or adjectives) that are derived from verbs, but whose meanings have significantly deviated from the verbs that they derived from.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
As \u201cloanwords\u201d, in the recipient language, deverbal nouns usually lose their verbal characteristics and operate as autonomous common nouns. For example, the English word \u201centrepreneur\u201d is a loanword from French, derived from the French verb: \u201centreprendre\u201d which means: \u201cto begin\u201d or \u201cto undertake\u201d. Smilarly, Greek “petra” may lost its Semitic verbal characteristics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Petros is \u1e62afa<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n
Simon Peter<\/strong> is known in Arabic as:\u201d\u0634\u0645\u0639\u0648\u0646 \u0627\u0644\u0635\u0641\u0627\u201d (\u0161\u0103m\u1e23\u016bm \u0103l \u1e63\u0103f\u0103).<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u0161\u0103m\u1e23\u016bm<\/strong> => Simon
\u0103l<\/strong> => the definite article in Arabic.
\u1e63\u0103f\u0103<\/mark><\/strong> => the equivalent of \u201cPeter\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u201c\u1e63\u0103f\u0103\/\u0635\u0641\u0627\u201d means: \u201cto clear out\u201d, \u201cto purify\u201c, \u201cto soften\u201d, \u201cto hew smoothly\u201d, \u201cto cut clean\u201d, \u201cto strip\u201d, \u201cto wipe out\u201d, \u201csolid\u201d or \u201cdry\u201d. It is used a description and as a name for any flat soft rock or mountainside, and by extension, any detached or hewed rock.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Derivatives:
\u201c\u0633\u064a\u0641\/saif\u201d = (sword\/cutting tool).
\u201c\u0635\u064a\u0641\/\u1e63aif\u201d = (dry, clear, Summer).
\u201c\u0635\u0628\u0629\/\u1e63abba\u201d = (a solid piece), (solid flat rock).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Doublets:
\u201c\u0634\u0623\u0641\/\u0161aaf\u201d = (dry, cracked, rough).
\u201c\u0634\u0639\u0628\/\u0161i\u1e23b\u201d = (a passage between rocks or mountains).
Colloquial: \u201c\u0633\u064a\u0628\/s\u012bp\u201d = (underground water passage), (corridor) and \u201c\u0634\u064a\u0628\/\u0161\u012bp\u201d = (large hose).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
The Hebrew cognate of \u201c\u1e63\u0103f\u0103\/\u0635\u0641\u0627\u201d is: \u201c\u0161\u0103f\u0103\/\u05e9\u05c1\u05e4\u05d4\u201d: \u201cto abrade\u201d, \u201cto scrape\u201d, \u201cto shave\u201d, \u201cto sweep bare\u201d, \u201cbare\u201d. [16] \u201cto lay bare\u201d, \u201cto smooth\u201d, \u201cto trim\u201d, \u201cto rub\u201d, \u201cto polish\u201d. [22]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Doublets:
\u201c\u05e1\u05e4\u05d4\/s\u016bfa\u201d = (to sweep away, to snatch away, to destroy)
\u201c\u05e1\u05d5\u05e3\/s\u016bf\u201d = (an end), (to come to an end), (probably: day-end, west).
\u201c\u05e1\u05d9\u05e3\/s\u012bf\u201d = (make an end of), (sword), cognate to Aramaic: \u201c\u05e1\u05b7\u05d9\u05b0\u05e4\u05b8\u05d0\/s\u0103yp\u0101\u201d = (end, distant, blade, sword).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Simon the \u201cSafa<\/strong>\u201c<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Clearly, the name \u201csafa\u201d in (\u0161\u0103m\u1e23\u016bm \u0103l \u1e63\u0103f\u0103<\/mark><\/strong>) is a deverbal noun, derived from the verb: \u201cto hew\u201d or \u201cto carve\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In many languages, the word for \u201cstone\u201d originally means: fragment, slice, bit or a piece of a larger rock, eroded and broke away. For example:<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\u2013 Arabic \u201c\u1e25\u0103\u1e63\u0101h<\/strong>\/\u062d\u0635\u0627\u0629\u201d ( = stone), derived from \u201c\u1e25\u0103\u1e63<\/strong>\/\u062d\u0635\u201d: (to cut, to break).
\u2013 English \u201cgravel\u201d ( = small stones), from Proto-Indo-European \u201c*g\u02b0reh\u2081w-\u201d (to grind). [23]
\u2013 English \u201cchalk\u201d, from Greek \u201c\u03c7\u03ac\u03bb\u03b9\u03be\/kh\u00e1lix\u201d ( = small stone), some etymologists trace it back to a PIE root, meaning: \u201csplit, break up.\u201d [24]<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In summation: <\/strong>the intended biblical meaning of “Peter” is: \u201cto hew<\/mark>\u201d, \u201ca<\/mark> shred<\/mark>\u201d, \u201chewn<\/mark> rock\u201d,  and \u201ca cavity<\/mark>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\n\n\n\n
[01] \u2013 \u201cEssays in Biblical Greek\u201d by Edwin Hatch.
[02] \u2013 “The Semitic Style of the New Testament” by Michael D. Marlowe.
[03] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saint_Peter
[04] \u2013 assyrianlanguages.org\/sureth\/dosearch.php?searchkey=23662&language=id
[05] \u2013 sedra.bethmardutho.org\/api\/word\/%DC%9F%DC%A6%DC%90.html
[06] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Syriac_language
[07] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Saint_Peter
[08] \u2013 Greek English lexicon 1883,by Henry George Liddell D.D & Scott, Page: 1207
[09] \u2013 ibid
[10] \u2013 ibid
[11] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Poseidon
[12] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scylla
[13] \u2013 https:\/\/ogcmaonline.byu.edu\/index.php\/category\/scylla\/
[14] \u2013 https:\/\/de.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Skylla
[15] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Petra
[16] \u2013 \u201cA Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament\u201d. Translated by Thayer, Joseph Henry, New York: American Book Company. 1889. Page (507)
[17] -sefaria.org\/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A1%D6%B6%D6%BD%D7%9C%D6%B7%D7%A2_%E1%B4%B5?lang=bi
[18] \u2013 sefaria.org\/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%9D.1?lang=bi
[19] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82#Ancient_Greek
[20] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/%CF%80%CE%AD%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B1#Ancient_Greek
[21] \u2013 \u201cA Study on the Origins of Loanwords in Ancient
Greek\u201d, Joanne van der Poel, 2019.
[22] -sefaria.org\/Klein_Dictionary%2C_%D7%A1%D6%B6%D6%BD%D7%9C%D6%B7%D7%A2_%E1%B4%B5?lang=bi
[23] \u2013 https:\/\/en.wiktionary.org\/wiki\/gravel
[24] \u2013 https:\/\/my.quword.com\/etym\/s\/chalk<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
\u201c\u03a3\u03af\u03bc\u03c9\u03bd\/Simon\u201d, \u201c\u039a\u03b7\u03c6\u1fb6\u03c2\/Cephas\u201d and \u201c\u03a0\u03ad\u03c4\u03c1\u03bf\u03c2\/Peter\u201d are the New Testament\u2019s three different names for St. Peter. These names have long given rise to numerous scholarly theories and explanations. Here is an anthroponymic approach to the meaning and etymology of Simon, Peter and Cephas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[15],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1408","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-anthroponyms"],"yoast_head":"\nSimon Peter: Meaning & Etymology - Toponomastics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"What is the meaning of Simon? 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