{"id":1537,"date":"2025-01-01T19:01:54","date_gmt":"2025-01-01T19:01:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/?p=1537"},"modified":"2025-10-16T16:25:57","modified_gmt":"2025-10-16T16:25:57","slug":"pregreek","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/pregreek\/","title":{"rendered":"Pre-Greek"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"pre_Greek\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Pre-Greek<\/strong> (or Pre-Hellenic<\/strong>) refers to the unknown language or languages spoken in Greece before the arrival of Greek speakers. Evidence for these languages is found in loanwords within the Greek lexicon.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The lexicon of Ancient Greek contains hundreds of foreign words. These words can be recognized, because they do not correspond with the Greek outcomes of Indo-European phonology and corresponding sound laws.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Moreover, the semantics of many Greek words are obviously not Indo-European, since their concepts were absent in this language of nomadic pastoralists from the Pontic steppes. Such concepts include words for certain plants, animals and sedentary habitation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

A solution<\/strong> for these obscure words with their various forms in Greek was proposed, namely the assumption of a Pre-Greek <\/mark>substrate<\/mark> from which Greek borrowed the words.<\/mark><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Substrate<\/mark><\/strong> = an underlying substance or layer.
In linguistics, a substrate (or substratum) refers to a language<\/strong><\/em> that was spoken in a particular area before the introduction of another, dominant language, and whose influence persists in the newer language.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Important developers of this theory were Edzard Johan Furn\u00e9e<\/strong> and Robert S. P. Beekes<\/strong>. Based on variation in forms that were semantically close or identical, they reconstructed the phonology and morphology of this language<\/em><\/strong>. Besides that, they proposed a Pre-Greek etymology for a lot of Greek words.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

According to the Hellenist (Renfrew, 1998) \u201cThe Greek language is unusual among the languages of Europe in the high proportion<\/mark> of its vocabulary which includes words which are not only not Greek words, but apparently not part of an Indo-European vocabulary either<\/mark>\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n


On the other hand, scholars have tried to find a Semitic origin of these phonologically deviant Greek words.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

The first article in which this was done systematically, was written by A. M\u00fcller in 1877. Since then, especially in the nineteenth century, a large number of new proposals for Semitic loanwords in Greek have been made by, for instance, Muss-Arnolt (1892), Lewy (1895), etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In total, around 500 of such etymologies (without mythical and personal names) have been proposed until now, though some of them have been rejected by more recent scholars, like \u00c9. Masson (1976) and Ros\u00f3\u0142 (2013). Nevertheless, for a substantial amount of Greek words, a Semitic origin cannot be denied.<\/mark><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cAncient documents and archaeology have shown that the Semitic peoples, especially the Phoenicians and the people of Ugarit, were in contact with other Mediterranean peoples by means of colonizing, trade and correspondence about legal issues etc. Therefore, words were often mutually transmitted and became adopted in a foreign lexicon. This applied to Ancient Greek as well. Although the exact number is unknown, the Greek lexicon contains presumably hundreds of Semitic loanwords<\/mark>. However, when one tries to determine the exact donor language, several problems occur.\u201d [01]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Examples<\/strong>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10- Greek: (\u03c7\u03c1\u03c5\u03c3\u03cc\u03c2\/khrys<\/strong><\/mark>\u00f3s = gold).
Greek suffix “-\u00f3s” is epenthetic.
Akkadian: (\u1e2bur\u0101\u1e63u = gold)
Akkadian \u201c\u1e2b\u201d pronounced => \u201ckh\u201d.
khrys<\/strong><\/mark> = khur\u0101\u1e63u<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

02-Greek: “\u03a0\u03c5\u03b3\u03ae\/Pyg\u00ed” (= buttocks)
Akkadian “p\u016bqu” (= buttocks)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

03- Greek: (\u03c9\u03c4\u03b9\u03bf\u03bd\/otiyon<\/mark><\/strong> = ear).
Arabic: (udun<\/mark><\/strong> = ear).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

04- Greek: “\u03bf\u03b4\u03cc\u03c2\/\u016bd\u00f3s<\/mark>” (= way, road)
Arabic: “h\u016bda\/\u0647\u062f\u0649” (= way, path).
Greek suffix “-\u00f3s” is epenthetic.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

05-Greek: \u201c\u03b1\u03ba\u03c4\u03ae\/akti\u201d (= shore)
Akkadian: \u201ca\u1e2b<\/strong>\u0101tu\u201d (= shore)
Akkadian \u201c\u1e2b<\/strong>\u201d pronounced => \u201ckh<\/strong>\u201d.
akti = akh\u0101tu
Hebrew: \u201cgadd\u0101h\/\u05d2\u05d3\u05d4\u201d (= shore)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

06- Greek: “\u03ba\u03ac\u03bd\u03bd\u03b1\/kann\u0113” (= reed\/cane).
Akkadian: (qan\u00fb\/qan\u00fbm (= read\/cane).
Syriac: “\u0729\u0722\u071d\u0710\/qany\u0251” (= read\/cane).
Hebrew: “\u05e7\u05e0\u05d4\/qanah” (= read\/cane).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Dry reed stick is straight, inflexible and hollow throughout its whole length, this makes it a good measuring stick. In ancient Mesopotamia, words such as “k\u012bnu”, “k\u00e2nu<\/mark><\/strong>” & “k\u0113nu” which denote: (correct calculations or measurements<\/em><\/strong>) are derived from: “qan\u00fb\/reed”. [02] (k\u00e2nu<\/mark><\/strong> is the etymon of English: canon<\/mark>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

07- Ancient Greek: “\u1f00\u03b3\u03c1\u03cc\u03c2\/a\u0261r\u00f3s<\/mark><\/strong>” (= field, arable land)
(etymon of English: acre<\/strong>).
Akkadian “ug\u0101ru<\/mark><\/strong>\/ikkaru<\/strong>” (= field, farm)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

08-Ancient Greek: \u201c\u03ba\u03cd\u03bc\u03b9\u03bd\u03bf\u03bd\/k\u00faminon\u201d (=cumin)
Akkadian: \u201ckam\u016bnu\u201d (=cumin)
Hebrew: \u201c\u05db\u05de\u05d5\u05df\/kamm\u014dn\u201d (=cumin)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

09-Greek: \u201c\u03b1\u03c1\u03c7\u03b5\u03af\u03bf\/arche\u00edo\u201d (=daily, monthly or annual record)
Akkadian: \u201car\u1e2bu\/arkhu\u201d (=The Moon, month, monthly)
Hebrew: \u201c\u05ea\u05b7\u05d0\u05b2\u05e8\u05b4\u05d9\u05da\/ta\u2019arikh\u201d (=history)
Hebrew: \u201c\u05d9\u05e8\u05d7\/Yareakh\u201d (=Moon)<\/p>\n\n\n\n

10-Greek: \u201c\u03b3\u03b7\/gi<\/strong>\u201d (=land, earth)
Sumerian: \u201cki<\/strong>\u201d (=land, earth)
Arabic: “\u0642\u0627\u0639\/qah<\/strong>” (ground, land).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[01] \u2013 \u201cA Study on the Origins of Loanwords in Ancient
Greek\u201d, Joanne van der Poel, 2019.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

“Pre-Greek” refers to the languages spoken in Greece before the arrival of Greek-speakers.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[3],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1537","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-basics"],"yoast_head":"\nPre-Greek - Toponomastics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Pre-Greek: refers to Greek words which are not of Indo-European origin.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/pregreek\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Pre-Greek - 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