{"id":3611,"date":"2025-08-24T02:09:50","date_gmt":"2025-08-24T02:09:50","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/?p=3611"},"modified":"2026-04-12T22:44:29","modified_gmt":"2026-04-12T22:44:29","slug":"chaldea","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/chaldea\/","title":{"rendered":"Chaldea and the Chaldeans"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
\"\"
\u201cTamtu \u0161a Kaldi\u201d means: SEA OF CHALDEA<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Chaldea<\/strong>: an ancient toponym designates a geomorphologically and historically delimited region comprising the extreme meridional sector of Mesopotamia together with the northwestern littoral zone of the Arabian Gulf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cIn the early period, between the early 9th century and late 7th century BC, (Chaldea) was the name of a small sporadically independent migrant-founded territory under the domination of the Neo-Assyrian Empire (911\u2013605 BC) in southeastern Babylonia,\u00a0extending to the western shores of the Persian Gulf<\/strong>“. [01] Archaeological and epigraphic finds \u2014 including Proto\u2011Arabic \/ Chaldean inscriptions in northeastern Arabia \u2014 indicate that some Chaldean tribal elements were present in northeastern Arabia before appearing in Mesopotamia. Classical writers like Strabo mention Chaldean exiles living in northeastern Arabia, reinforcing this connection.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Chaldeans according to the Jewish encyclopedia:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cThe Chaldeans were a Semitic people and apparently of very pure blood. Their original seat may have been Arabia, whence they migrated at an unknown period into the country of the sea-lands about the head of the Persian gulf.\u201d. [01]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chaldea<\/strong> is called in Assyrian: \u2018mat Kaldi\u2019, that is, \u2018land of Chaldea, But there is also used, apparently synonymously, the expression \u2018mat Bit Yakin\u2019, It would appear that (Bit Yakin) was the chief or capital city of the land; and the king of Chaldea is also called the king of Bit Yakin, just as the kings of Babylonia are regularly styled simply king of Babylon, the capital city. In the same way, the Persian gulf was sometimes called \u201cthe Sea of Bit Yakin, instead of \u2018the Sea of the Land of Chaldea\u2019.\u201d. [01] \u201cSargon II mentions \u2018Bit Yakin\u2019 as extending as far as Dilmun<\/a> or \u2018sea-land\u2019 (littoral Eastern Arabia<\/strong>)\u201d. [02]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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Ancient writers describe The Chaldeans as \u201cskilled seafarers and traders\u201d.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Evidence<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Fig.01: Chaldean inscription.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

\u201cWhat is of great importance, is a dedicatory inscription (Fig. 01) carved on a rock face in Al-Hofuf<\/a> oasis which represents that rare genre of texts variously called Old Arabic, Chaldean or, more com\u00admonly, Proto-Arabic, dated to between the 5th and 9th centuries B.C. While the actual dedicatory content of the text is of considerable interest, the mere fact of its existence in north\u00adeastern Arabia is of even greater significance, for it was W. F. Albright\u2019s belief that such inscriptions, known also from Ur, Uruk, Abu, Salabikh, Nippur, and Anah on the Middle Euphrates<\/strong> , represented the earliest traces of the Chaldeans. [04]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cFifteen years before Al-Hofuf<\/a> inscription was known to the scholarly world, Albright suggested that the last dynasty to rule Babylonia before the Per\u00adsian conquest, the dynasty which included the illustrious Nebuchadnezzar, had originated in \u201can undetermined part of east Arabia:\u2019 Does this inscription then provide confirmation for Albright\u2019s thesis?\u201d [04]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chaldean exiles<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"
Strabo wrote about Chaldeans in Northeastern Arabia.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

According to Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cGERRHA (Arab. al-Jar \u02bda), an ancient city of Arabia, on the west side of the Persian Gulf, described by Strabo (Bk. xvi.) as inhabited by Chaldean exiles <\/strong>from Babylon, who built their houses of salt and repaired them by the application of salt water. Pliny (Hist. Nat. vi. 32) says it was 5 m. in circumference with towers built of square blocks of salt. Various identifications of the site have been attempted, J. P. B. D\u2019Anville choosing El Katif, C. Niebuhr preferring Kuwet and C. Forster suggesting the ruins at the head of the bay behind the islands of Bahrein\u201d. [05]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Banu Khalid<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cBeni Khaled,(\u0628\u0646\u0648 \u062e\u0627\u0644\u062f)a people who occupy the site of the ancient Kalathua & from whom the promontory of Chaldone, placed by Pliny on the coast adjoining. From this locality, their homeland, branches of Beni Kaled,can be traced to Chaldea(\u0628\u0644\u0627\u062f \u0627\u0644\u0643\u0644\u062f\u0627\u0646)\u201d(Charles Forster,1844).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\"\"<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Chaldone Promontorium<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chaldone Promontorium placed by Pliny (6.28) on the Arabian side of the Persian Gulf, near its northern extremity: between a salt river, which once formed one of the mouths of the Euphrates, and his \u201cflumen Achenum.\u201d He describes the sea off this promontory as \u201cvoragini similius quam mart per 50 millia passuum orae.\u201d It corresponded in situation with the bay of Koneit or Graen (al. Grane) harbour, where Niebuhr places the modern tribe of the Beni Khaled, a name nearly identical with the Chaldone of Pliny (Forster, Arabia, vol. i. p. 49, 50). It is further determined by modern survey, minutely corroborating the classical notices. \u201cThe \u2018locus ubi Euphratis ostium fuit,\u2019 is D\u2019Anville\u2019s ancien lit de l\u2019Euphrate; the \u2018Flumen Salsum,\u2019 is Core Boobian, a narrow salt-water channel, laid down for the first time in the East India Company\u2019s Chart, and separating a large low island, off the mouth of the old bed of the Euphrates, from [p. 1.602]the main land; the \u2018Promontorium Chaldone\u2019 is the great headland, at the entrance of the Bay of Doat al-Kusma from the south, opposite Pheleche island; and the \u2018voragini similius quam mari,\u2019 or sea broken into gulfs, of 50 miles, extending to the \u2018flumen Achana,\u2019 is that along the coast, between the above-named cape and the river of Khadema, a space of precisely 50 Roman miles. This tract, again, is the \u2018Sacer Sinus\u2019 of Ptolemy, terminating at Cape Zoore.\u201d (Ib. vol. ii. p. 213).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\n\n\n\n

[01] \u2014 McCurdy, J. Frederic; Rogers, Robert W. (1902), \u201cChaldea\u201d, in Singer, Isidore; et al. (eds.), The Jewish Encyclopedia, vol. 3, New York: Funk & Wagnalls, pp. 661\u2013662
[02] \u2014 jewishencyclopedia.com\/articles\/4213
[03] \u2014 Raymond Philip Dougherty, The Sealand of Ancient Arabia, Yale University Press, 1932, 66ff.
[04] \u2014 Potts, Daniel T. \u201cNortheastern Arabia.\u201d Expedition Magazine 26, no. 3 (March, 1984).
[05] \u2014 Encyclop\u00e6dia Britannica\/Gerrha<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Chaldea: an ancient toponym designates a geomorphologically and historically delimited region comprising the extreme meridional sector of Mesopotamia together with the northwestern littoral zone of the Arabian Gulf. \u201cIn the early period, between the early 9th century and late 7th century BC, (Chaldea) was the name of a small sporadically independent migrant-founded territory under the…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","om_disable_all_campaigns":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[13],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-3611","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-toponyms"],"yoast_head":"\nChaldea and the Chaldeans - Toponomastics<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Chaldea: an ancient toponym denotes the southernmost expanse of Mesopotamia and the northwestern littoral of the Arabian Gulf.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/toponomastics.com\/en\/chaldea\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Chaldea and the Chaldeans - 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